Racism is bullying Essay

Do you want to be teased because of your cultural background, religion, accent or even your skin colour? The truth is Racism is happening everywhere everyday RASCISM IS BULLYING! According to the Macquarie dictionary, Racism has two important meanigs.1. Human races have special and different characteristics which determine their particular cultures, USA. Involving the idea that one’s own race is better than any other race.2 offensive or even violent behaviour to members of any other race arising from such a belief. Bullying means frightening or ordering smaller or even weak people around. Racism can be seen in incidents of racist abuse, harassment indifference to cultural diversity, and discrimination. It will be good if racism disappears but the true fact is many people around would say mean and rude things about one another. It is unfortunate that people find a way to dislike others who are different from themselves. RASCISM IS BULLYING!!! people of all heritage backgrounds should be treated equally. There is no reason to put others down just because they are different. It is not fair to point out others just because yours aren’t obvious. If you have been teased look at them seriously and say would you liked to be called names or be made fun of? Simply just because you speak a different language or like to eat food of a different culture or like artjworks of a certain cultural style or simply because you have a different type of skin colour? No, you wouldn’t!!! RASCISM IS BULLYING! Why is it that in this day and age it is still ok to be racist? We the younger generation have the opportunity to stop racism and to accept everyone as equals. We the younger generation should come together and strive for equality. We should all be able to feel that we are accepted for who we are, and wherever we are. I don’t know the author of this beautiful poem but I’d like to thank him or her for such a wonderful piece written and it goes like this: What if all the trees were oaks? How plain the world would seem; no maple syrup, banana splits, and how would orange juice would be? Wouldn’t it be a boring place, if all the people just one colour, just one language, just one family name! ~but~  if the forest were the world, and all the people were the trees; palm and pine, bamboo and willow, live and grow in Harmony. Aren’t you glad my good  friend, different though we be; we are here to help each other, I learn from you, and you, from me!

Cyber Crimes Essay

What are cybercrimes and what do they consist of? Cybercrimes are defined as any illegal activity that uses a computer. The justice department goes a little more in depth and describes cybercrimes as using a computer for the storage of evidence. Cybercrimes have increased over time to something more than we could have ever imagined. The internet is went into full affect in the ear of 1990 when the Arpanet officially split into two separate networks to further facilitate usage and prevent military secrets from being found so easily. This is when the basis of cybercrime first began. There are cybercriminals which exist simply because they are drawn to the information that is contained by the World Wide Web. Nowadays, cybercriminals are much harder to track as they have evolved from the basic computer geeks who merely send viruses to another computer in efforts to crash it. They are far more advanced, and seek to steal information for their own personal gain. There are several different types of cyber criminals. They include: Script kiddies; who lack the experience to hack the larger mainframe systems. However, they are capable of doing some type of damage to unsecured systems. These types of criminals are also known as â€Å"hacker wannabes†. Also are scammers who flood one’s email with false advertisement and junk mail. The send catchy subject line for gullible victims and include links in the emails that absorb information from the victims computer. â€Å"Hacker groups usually work anonymously and create tools for hacking. They often hack computers for no criminal reason and are sometimes even hired by companies wanting to test their security† (Batke, 2011). The considered highest risk of all cyber criminals are â€Å"Insiders†. â€Å"They may only be 20% of the threat, but they produce 80% of the damage. They often reside within an organization† (Batke, 2011). The fact that there are cyber criminals establishes a new set of victims which mostly include people that are lonely, gullible, and have low self-esteem. When attacking the lonely, gullible, low self-esteemed individuals, cyber criminals normally seek their prey on social networking sites. Normally, the criminals use false identities to entice the victims. One the victim is deceived, they tend to for a sense of trust and release all sorts of personal information. This is why it is always important to keep personal information completely confidential. If one is dealing with networks that require information such as full names, social security numbers, addresses, banking information or even medical records, he or she should search or specific icons or notices within the website that assures their security. A common tactic that is used by cyber criminals is called â€Å"The New Kid Ruse†. This is when the suspect created fake webpages and uses fake images to give the idea that they are someone else in efforts to divvy up the victims personal information. Once the criminal gets one small piece of information they tend to sink the hook of deception even deeper. These acts get serious. They get so serious that eventually the cybercriminal begins to threaten the victim with exploitation if he or she does not surrender to their demands; saying that the information that has already been retrieved will be set abroad to ruin the victim’s reputations if they do not comply. â€Å"The case of Christopher Patrick Gunn, 31, of Montgomery, Alabama, who was sentenced last month to 35 years in prison for producing child pornography through a massive online sextortion scheme, provides a glimpse of how modern-day confidence men are plying their trade against the most vulnerable and unsuspecting victims† (The FBI, 2013). In this particular case, Gunn lured many minors into performing lewd acts via webcam and email. He had exploited large sums of teenage girls in various states that include Mississippi and Louisiana. He even stretched this heinous activity to some teenagers in Ireland. Cybercrimes include smallest crimes you could think of and the biggest crimes imaginative. Fraud is a cybercrime people use to commit anywhere from insurance scams and identity theft. Identity theft is a crime in which a person collects vital information from someone such as their social security number in order to pretend to be someone that they are obviously not. Just this one type of cybercrime is becoming more of a problem every day. Harassment is an example of cybercrime in which I consider to be bullying. This type of crime is done without much thought or consideration of the next person. Cybercrimes also include but are not limited to cyber stalking, cyber terrorism, drug trafficking, scamming, exchanging files of copyright material, and obscene or offensive content shared over the internet.

Walmart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Walmart - Essay Example It comes under strategic portfolio management. It has the following criteria: Score from the EFE Matrix (score is plotted on y-axis) Score from the IFE Matrix (score is plotted on x-axis) The IE Matrix is divided into three segments namely Grow and Build (High), Hold and Maintain (Medium) and Harvest or Divest (Low). Analysis of Wal-Mart using IE matrix: The Internal factor evaluation score of Wal-Mart is 2.80 and the External factor evaluation score is 3.86. According to these scores, Wal-Mart fits into the category of Grow and Build. The strategies suitable for Wal-Mart are discussed below: Market Penetration: This strategy can be used when a company wants to increase its market share with the help of its current products and services through greater efforts of marketing. This is extremely appropriate for Wal-Mart and can give a competitive edge because of the bankruptcy of K- mart. Wal-Mart should increase its promotional campaigns to capture the attention of its target market and retain the customers of K-mart as well. K-mart is closing hundreds of stores and this is an opportunity for Wal-Mart to control the market. The economies of scale against its rival also give the power to influence the market. The EDLP and rollback campaigns can be integrated in such markets where their share is less and will enable the employees to grow and promote in higher positions with the addition of more products and increased market share. Wal-Mart already enjoys a dominant position and requires a little effort to reach out to a range of customers. Wal-Mart can contact to local television stations and other advertising means to increase its customer base and positive image. The immediate results of this strategy includes increased market share, increased sales and increased customer recognition. This will also increase the competition because competitors will also respond to this strategy. Market Development: Wal-Mart can also enter into new markets by simple introducing its products and services in new geographic areas. This strategy also works with the core values of Wal-Mart. This strategy will provide many potential areas for growth both in local and international market. This is because Wal-Mart holds a strong position in the industry and has the needed capital and human resource to diffuse into the untapped markets. Thus, in order to maintain and expand their reach in all facets of the business Wal-Mart should continue to grow its business in different areas of the world. This will also provide quality of life in those areas where development is required. The costs for the implementation of this strategy are considerably high because it will involve the construction of new buildings and organization of new distribution networks. This is a very important strategy for Wal-Mart because they are currently using this strategy. The main advantage for Wal-Mart is its superior pricing ability which forces out the other local shops and stores. This will s urely increase the level of customer satisfaction as well as the increased capital investment. Product Development: This strategy can be used to increase the sales and serve to a diverse range of customers by modifying and improving the quality of existing products or services. This will provide the unique opportunity to compete with higher market sharing places in the other divisions. It is known that Wal-Mart operates in other divisions under its name. Through this strategy,

Language and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Language and Communication - Essay Example The same is true for India? McDonalds required some localization, taking into account various cultural components, to be successful. What adaptation and localization were inevitable for a successful launch of McDonalds in India? Various cultural components help in developing and determining the cultural identity of the person and the nation at large. The cultural identity of a person is basically one’s own perception of self which in turn is depicted in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, values, traditions and ways of life. Thesis Statement Although various cultural factors had their role to play in the adaptation policy of McDonalds, only three major and relevant components of cultural identity i.e. Class, Geography and Philosophy, will be discussed here. How McDonalds has successfully managed the localization strategy yet retaining its brand image and global value chain. Class is a vital factor of cultural components and is determined by economic, social and educational class (J ameson, 2007). India has a huge population almost four times greater than United States (US), and hence the middle class population is the astounding figure of around 300 million. India is the fourth largest economy of the world with the eating out sector, growing at the rate of 6 percent, and urban fast food sector growing at the rate of 20 percent (Rangnekar, 2000). ... McDonalds was not a substitute to the local Indian food and it was not advertised as such. To cater to the concept of family meals, McDonalds introduced home delivery service or McDelivery and various family deals. In addition to this India’s working class is growing, in order to cater to the needs of the busy young executives, McDonalds opened kiosks at store entrances for customers in a hurry. Another aspect is the high literacy rate in the target market of McDonalds. For them, McDonalds not only introduced a range of low fat products and premium salads but also launched educational campaign about the active and healthy life style. Such efforts included a variety of wholesome and premium menus to increase repeat customers. So what McDonalds did in an attempt to adapt to this cultural component of class is to produce a bundle of product and service variations along with the marketing strategy to sell its products. Geography is another important cultural component which define s the attitudes, behavior and values of a large group of people and determine their cultural activities. Cultural activities cannot be restricted to the dance, music, sports and politics only; it also has a very strong impact on the eating habits and lifestyle of the people (Anderson, 2010). Geographic distinctions such as urban and rural population, density, small and big town actually transcend all boundaries and define the attitude and behavior of the people. So the values about privacy, property, time and space and other factors will be more or less the same for a particular cultural group (Jameson, 2007). The target market for McDonalds was the big cities mostly inhabited by upper and middle class educated people.

Summary and response for Seaman,, How Bingeing Became the New College Essay - 1

Summary and response for Seaman,, How Bingeing Became the New College Sport - Essay Example The drink age has been fixed at 21 in order to avoid alcohol poisoning and accidents related to driving under alcohol influence. By keeping the drink age at 21, the government was succeeded in reducing unfavorable incidents related to underage drinking. But such restrictions resulted in the development of an unintended culture around prohibited alcoholism among the youths. For many American youths, college life is not only for learning alone, but for starting drinking also. The earlier beer culture in college campuses has given way for hard liquor now. Many universities have reported that there is no problem in lowering the drink age to 18 years. Montreals McGill University, which enrolls about 2,000 American undergraduates a year reported that many of the students when they first arrive at the college campus were exploiting their ability to drink legally. â€Å"But by midterms, when McGills demanding academic standards must be met, the vast majority has put drinking into its practi cal place among their priorities† (Seaman). In short, Seaman argues in favor of lowering the drink age to 18 in America. I agree with the arguments of Seaman. If a person is matured enough to select the administrators of a country, then he should be matured enough to control his emotions or feelings even under the influence of alcohol. Maturity cannot be limited to one aspect alone. It is a general thing. Maturity of a person can be visualized in all the aspect of his family, social and political life. It is difficult to believe that a person, who has maturity in electing a government, doesn’t have maturity in his personal or social life. It is a fact that when we restrict something to the children, they may develop more tendencies to break the restrictions. The stigma associated with underage drinking is a motivating factor for the youths to break the law.

Law of Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of Intellectual Property - Essay Example The First step is to carry out a search in the Trade Marks Registry data base at http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmtext or European database at http://tmview.europa.eu/tmview/welcome.html for possible prior conflicting uses of Desir or similar words already registered. The search results are furnished in the annexure 1. Among the 37 items revealed in the search results were also â€Å"Desir† and similar sounding â€Å"Desire â€Å" and â€Å"Dezir† though under different classes. Out of 45 classes of items, perfume was not found. Class 1 was Chemicals. On further search for perfume, results showed that â€Å"perfume† fell under the Nice class 3. And the similar sounding â€Å"desire† has been registered in class Nice 3. The word â€Å"desir† has been registered under Nice class 30 which is for â€Å"foodstuffs†. The question is whether â€Å"desir† is registrable under the above circumstances. There are as many as five sections in the Trade Ma rks Act 1994 under which a trade mark can be refused to be registered. Relevant section for the present purpose is section 5 which states as follows. Section 5 (1) prohibits registration of a trade mark if an identical trade mark has been already registered as goods or service. Section 5 (2) (a) prohibits registration of a trade mark if a similar trade mark has been already registered. ... Section 5 (4) prohibits registration of a trade mark if it could not be registered by any rule of law such as â€Å"law of passing off†. The last section 6 however provides for registration of an already registered trade mark if the proprietor of the earlier trade mark gives his consent to the registration (Legislation.gov.uk, 1994, p. 11). In view of the above provisions, trade mark in the name of â€Å"Desir† may be refused since the name already falls under food stuffs. A similar or identical trademark can be refused as it would cause confusion and the public are likely to mistake it for food stuff. A perfume being mistaken for foodstuff could result in disastrous consequences. Even if the owner of the existing trade mark consents, the registry may in public interest ask the applicant to make changes in the word â€Å"desir† in order to avoid possible future complications. If at all, the applicant gets the approval of the name, olfactory description of the per fume needs to be clarified. The description sought to be registered is â€Å"spice with a touch of citrus lemon†. In this connection, the case law Eden SARL v Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market ( Trade Marks and Designs ) (OHIM) (2005) says that it can be an absolute ground for refusal if olfactory description cannot be represented graphically as per article 7 (1) (a) of Regulation (EC) No 40/94. The article states that a trade mark if not visually perceivable should at least be capable of being graphically represented by way of clear, precise, easily accessible, intelligible, ,durable, and self contained images, line, and characters. The olfactory description â€Å"smell of ripe straw berries† of the applicant in the above case not has been

Geography Question-Answer Format Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geography Question-Answer Format - Essay Example The Stone Age advanced to be more diverse and altered by progressive use of the tool. Besides, there is certainly a lot of evidence for the use of wood throughout the Paleolithic Age. Wood was used for making ladders, lighting fire, as a pigment (charcoal), drying wood and as digging sticks. One of the distinguishing features of the Paleolithic age was building of shelters and use of clothing which made habitation in unfriendly environment much easier. This became a permanent feature of man during this period. Secondly, one of the features that distinguished the early society that distinguished human from the other surviving non-human primates was their ostensibly omnivorous diet. Furthermore, humans had advanced communication skills by a way of coherent speech. Through communication and usage of words as symbols, hominids cold organize themselves into a culture with an identity. At the early stages of settlement, human beings discovered fire and its usage. Moreover, the early societ y diffused seeds and nuts onto the vegetation for plantation activities. Interestingly, through hunting and gathering activities, human’s occupation had a dramatic effect on the animal population causing migration and even extinction of some great mammalian species. It can be argued that the low population densities of the hunters, gatherers and scavenger human groups were attributed to the introduction of pastoralism and agriculture (Goudie). The second phase is plant cultivation, animal keeping and metal working. Historically, humans began to domesticate animals and to gather food  plants rather than just hunt animals. Although it is now recognized that some hunters and gathers had significant leisure, there is no doubt that through the controlled breeding of animals and plants humans were able to develop a more expandable and a reliable source of food; thereby, creating a solid and secure basis for cultural advancement. It opened doors fro

Crime Prevention and Community Policing Coursework

Crime Prevention and Community Policing - Coursework Example We will examine this topic, not just as a mutually exclusive evolutionary process; rather, we will examine it within the social context of the culture of the time in order to understand how law and order and formalised policing have developed. According to Wall (2002) one of the earliest formalised laws was the Asisze of Clarendon in 1166. This law required all citizens "to report any suspicions about each other to the sheriffs people" (part 1:2). As demonstrated by the vagueness of the above, there was much room for interpretation as to what was considered 'suspicious' behaviour. It becomes easier to see that individual towns and villages had their own set of unwritten codes based on the social mores of the community to which the definition of 'crime' was determined. However, the earliest forms of 'policing' can be traced back to as early as the reign of King Alfred the Great who was monarch between 871 and 901 A.D with his introduction of the 'King's Peace' (Back, 2005). "Acting on the dictum 'What ye will that other men should not do to you, that do ye not to other men', he compiled a series of flexible laws. Basically, in return for being allowed to reign and to expect their unswerving allegiance, he promised them pea ce and security" (Back, 2005, screen 1). The early form of 'policing' was known as the Frankpledge or 'Hue and Cry'. The system was introduced by the Anglo-Saxons ("Our history", 2006, screen 1). When villagers came upon someone breaking the law, they would literally shout out, hence the 'hue and cry'. It became every citizen's duty then to give chase and capture the offending party. In these 12th century villages there was not formalised government as we understand it today. Alfred's great-grandson, Edgar, saw the benefit of such a system and made several changes which included dividing the country into shires. Local governance was based on loosely defined units of rule called 'tything'. These tythings were made up of a set of ten families (Back, 2005). Within each community the tything was made up several sets of families where their primary responsibility was to ensure the laws were observed within the village. In effect, "the decision to arrest and take before the court was basically a community decision" (Wall, 2002, part1.2). Additionally it was the responsibility of the entire community to protect the village from groups or bands of criminals. When the hue and cry went out letting the village know that a gang of outlaws were breaking laws within the village, the men of the village would form a posse comitatus ("Our history", 2006, screen 1). This posse would attempt to track down the offending parties and bring them to justice. The posse consisted of all able bodied men over the age of 12. As the weaponry became more modernised in the Middle Ages (i.e. archery), the age limit for all males required to take part in the posse comitatus was lowered to seven (Back, 2005). Within the tything, one person was made responsible for taking the law breaker, when captured, before the court to exact their punishment. This person came to be known as a Tythingman. Unlike police in modern society, the Tythingman

An Evaluation of WKMNs A Newbies Guide to Wireless Networks Tutorial Essay

An Evaluation of WKMNs A Newbies Guide to Wireless Networks Tutorial - Essay Example As the study declares the concepts include the radio frequency technology, mobile telephony, wireless area network (LAN), wireless personal area network, fixed wireless wide area networks (WAN), practical applications of these technologies is various business set-ups and other references that can be useful to the student who wants to learn more. Each of these topics contains subtopics that are detailed to the technology. Although the terminologies can give a complex impression especially to hearing of it for the first time, the tutorial is designed to ensure a simplified translation of such concepts that can be comprehended in the understanding level of its students. How the student grasp the concepts and ideas are critical to the objectives of creating this newbie tutorial as it will determine the productivity that they can make out of this wireless technology knowledge that a student will gain after going through the tutorial. The tutorial can be taken in five minutes a day and the student can choose any chapter of interest without specific order, as long as all chapters are covered in order to finish the course. The tutorial also provides excursion websites that can be visited should the student find a specific area from it course chapter really useful for his needs.

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Personal statement - Essay Example The second main attribute that grasped my attention, was the association of this school to moral and religious values. The values of this school, J-CHIEFS, hold every possible element that a human needs to flourish in a career like pharmacy, which requires brilliance in order to serve mankind. I feel it is the spiritual aspect incorporated in the curriculum of this establishment, which is makes it stand out from all other pharmacy institutions. For me, it is not just strict pharmaceutical education that I would like to learn about, but also the fundamentals a human need to make him kind and modest. Besides the religious portion, the excellence in teaching pharmacy provided here will help me develop into the pharmacist I dream to be. Being a nurse, every single day I deal with people who have injuries, which sometimes can be cured and are sometimes disabling for life. No matter how much property, finances or education you have, sometimes it is just one miracle that saves your life. When no medicine or cure is available for a disease or condition, it is our prayers and faith that help so many among us to survive. Being in a medical care profession, I have seen people, with all the privileges in the world, dying in a single instant. On the other hand, I’ve witnessed many survive miraculously; in that very miracle, I have seen a glimpse of God, and no doubt it has been one of the most moving experiences of my life. And it is with that spirit and emotion in my mind and heart that I’ve chosen Pharmacy through which I can be a part of this miracle; I can save a life. Working in the profession of nursing, I developed a sense of wanting more for myself and others. It was the passion and the drive to do more, to serve more, that my interest in the field of Pharmacy grew stronger. I have seen many patients go through pain and suffering, and ultimately dying because there was no cure or medication for the illness

On the Sino-Japanese Relationship Essay Example for Free

On the Sino-Japanese Relationship Essay Bibliography: 1. Jacques Gernet. A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. 1996. 2. Asakawa, K.. The Early Institutional Life of Japan: A Study in Reform of 645, Japan. 1963. 3. B. , Barbara; Changgen, Yu. Chinese Foreign Policy during the Cultural Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press. 1998. 4. Hagstrà ¶m, Linus. Japan’s China Policy: A Relational Power Analysis, London and New York, 2005. 5. Hagstrà ¶m, Linus. Sino-Japanese Relations: The Ice That Won’t Melt, International Journal, 2008. 6. Sansom, George . A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press. 1958. China and Japan are geographically separated by East China Sea. China has strongly influenced Japan with its writing system, architecture, culture, religion, philosophy, and law. The relationship between China and Japan is very complex, in different times, the relationship changes. At very beginning, when China was ruled by Qin Shi Huang, he â€Å"sent several hundred people to Japan to search for medicines of immortality†.(1996) Other records at the time show that Japan already had the same customs recognized today. These include clapping during prayers, eating from wooden trays and eating raw fish. During the Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Japan sent many students on a limited number of Imperial embassies to China, to help establish its own footing as a sovereign nation in northeast Asia. â€Å"After the fall of the Korean confederated kingdom of Baekje to combined Tang and Silla forces, Japan was forced to seek out the Chinese state on its own, which in those times was a treacherous undertaking, thus limiting the successes of Japanese overseas contacts during this time.†(1963) In AD 663 the Battle of Baekgang took place, the first China-Japanese conflict in recorded history. â€Å"The battle was part of the ancient relationships between the Korean Three Kingdoms (Samguk or Samhan), the Japanese Yamato, and Chinese dynasties.†(1996) The battle itself came near the conclusion of this period with the fall of Baekje, one of the Samguk or three Korean kingdoms, coming on the heels of this battle. From AD 600-1600, marine trades between China and Japan are well recorded, and many Chinese artifacts could be excavated. Baekje and Silla sometimes played the role of middleman, while direct commercial links between China and Japan flourished. â€Å"The ports of Ningbo and Hangzhou had the most direct trading links to Japan and had Japanese residents doing business. The Ming dynasty decreed that Ningbo was the only place where Japanese-Chinese relations could take place.†(1996) After 663, Japan had no choice but to directly trade with the Chinese dynasties. At first the Japanese had little long-range seafaring expertise of their own but eventually the Japanese improved their naval prowess as well as the construction of their ships. Then, it was 1890s. After the arrival of Commodore Perry and the forced opening of Japan to western trading, Japan realized it needed to modernize to avoid the humiliation of China during the Opium Wars. Friction between China and Japan arose from Japans control over the Ryukyu Islands from 1870, annexation of Taiwan after the First Sino-Japanese war of 1894. China was almost forced to cede more territory in Manchuria but was saved by Russian intervention. Despite this, China still paid a huge indemnity and relinquished Taiwan. The next stage was the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. In 1931, â€Å"Japan fully occupied Manchuria and created a new state called Manchukoku (Manchukuo), after a series of incidents culminating in the Mukden Incident and came to full scale invasion of China in July 1937.†(2008) Japan was soon able to gain control over all Chinese outlying territories. The Japanese invaded Beijing after accusing the Chinese Second United Front troops of shooting at Marco Polo Bridge. This marked the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Chinese nationalist aircraft then bombed Japanese positions in Shanghai and marked the beginning of the Battle of Shanghai. Afterwards, the Japanese advanced and faced little resistance as the best Chinese troops were sacrificed in Shanghai. â€Å"Japanese troops massacred Chinese prisoners of war (considered shameful by Japanese Bushido) and civilians over the course of two months during the Rape of Nanking.†(2008) Actual numbers of killed vary according to Chinese or Japanese sources. Chinese sources accept 300,000 or more killed. In 1945, Japan’s unconditional surrender shows the Chinese victory of the war. After the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, relations with Japan changed from hostility and an absence of contact to cordiality and extremely close cooperation in many fields. But some Japanese fear that the economic and military power of the China has been increasing. In December 1971, the Chinese and Japanese trade liaison offices began to discuss the possibility of restoring diplomatic trade relations, and â€Å"in July 1972, Kakuei Tanaka succeeded Eisaku SatÃ…  as a new Japanese Prime Minister. Tanaka assumed a normalization of the Sino-Japanese relations. Furthermore, the 1972 Nixon visit to China encouraged the normalization process. His visit to Beijing culminated in the signing a joint statement on September 29, 1972.†(2005) The Japanese agreed to most of the PRC’s demands, including the political status of Taiwan. Subsequently, the bilateral economic relationships grew rapidly: 28 Japanese and 30 Chinese economic and trade missions visited their partner country. In 2001, Japans Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi visits the Yasukuni Shrine, a dedication to the countrys fallen soldiers. His visit is seen by many Chinese as symbolizing a denial of Japans World Word II war crimes, specifically the Rape of Nanjing. In 2005, Sino-Japanese â€Å"relations deteriorate after Japanese textbooks understate Rape of Nanjing atrocities. Violent anti-Japanese protests erupt throughout China, North Korea, South Korea and other Asian nations.†(2008) Now, a series of chess moves by China and Japan over the Diaoyu islands frays already fragile relations. On Aug. 15, Japanese police arrested China activists who had sailed to the islands. This enrages Chinese all over the world, people boycott Japanese goods and anti-Japanese one after another. From my point of view, Japan has crossed the line. We want a good relationship and a peaceful world, but we cannot accept someone warp the history and grab territory. As a Chinese student, I have special feelings toward Japan from childhood, what all I hope is Japan could be less agressive.

Positive And Negative Reinforcement Education Essay

Positive And Negative Reinforcement Education Essay In theory, childrens understanding and ability in literacy, mathematics and science should be enhanced through high quality teaching. However there is a lot of debate on the best ways to teach children and how children actually learn. It could be argued that teaching children to read is the most fundamental task for teachers. It is the case that once children have learnt to read, they can read to learn. In other words, reading is needed to access any other subject. Gorden Wells (1985) longitudinal project on childrens language development at home and at school points out the role of stories in developing childrens literacy skills and their abstract thought processes. Children most successful in literacy tests age 7 and 11 could be positively identified as having had experience of stories told of read to read to them before beginning school. Wells argues that the process of understanding the world presented by stories obliges children to use decontextualised language by creating a world inside their heads. He makes even stronger claims for the importance of stories by arguing that they contribute very positively to childrens wider learning. His research evidence supports the view that in order to understand a story a child has to pay particular attention to symbolic language. This requires high levels of cognitive thought. The child who listens to or reads stories regularly spends more time using these high levels of thought than the child who does not. In other words, stories make children smarter. (Wells, G. (1985) Language, Learning and Education. Cheltenham: NFER-Nelson). Children learn to read when they are affectively engaged, when they want to read, when it matters to them to do so. Simple instruction in alphabetic and phonemic principles will not create readers of either kind. It will create children who can chant and recite alphabetic and phonemic information. We maintain that the two kinds of reading experience are both important but that they must work together and that children will attend to print when they are intrinsically motivated to be involved in literacy activities. (Kress 1997). According to Kress (1997: 42) classrooms should have good supplies of picture books with patterned and predictable language as these books will quickly become familiar to children. They also will be the kinds of books that children will want to come back to, will find comfort in and, as developing readers, will feel safe in their company. Through guided reading, the teacher demonstrated that pleasure that can be gained from reading and Kress (1997, p. 44) suggests that this requires teachers to know books well in order to be able to share their enthusiasm. As Meek says, we only read well what we think well of (Meek 1982: 45) and Demonstrating the pleasure to be gained from reading is an important part of shared reading experiences and that requires teachers to know books well in order to be able to share their enthusiasm. As Meek says, we only read well what we think well of (Meek 1982: 45) and so a deep immersion into the world of childrens literature is essential for teachers if they are to arouse enthusiasm and model positive reading behaviours in order to teach reading, teachers must become readers. Modelling and developing positive attitudes to reading is a key focus in teaching reading. Once children become aware of what can be gained in terms of pleasure and purpose, then not only will they become self-motivated to engage in reading but good reading habits will be formed. P. 44 Meek, M. (1982) Learning to Read. London: the Bodley Head Peacock et al (2011: p. 2) suggests that a lack of science subject knowledge combined with a lack of confidence in how to teach science may have a severely limiting effect on childrens learning. It is important that teachers plan their lessons thoroughly before teaching so that they can ensure their subject knowledge on that area is sufficient and so that they can deal with things such as time management and choosing appropriate resources. Good planning of time management, subject knowledge and resources were evident in the science lesson that I observed. This was shown by the teacher using specific terminology, such as opaque, translucent and transparent. She also had an activity planned in which the children used certain props allowing them to find the answer themselves; through observation. Furthermore, good planning allowed her to manage time as she had planned a clear introduction; where the children recapped what they already had learnt, a development section; where they were able to independently find out answers through observation and then they come back together for a plenary. Planning the lesson well allowed the different sections of the lesson to flow well and the teacher was able to plan it in a way to address whether the children had learnt what she had intended them to. She did this by observing their knowledge at the beginning of the lesson and then re-evaluating their knowledge during the plenary at the end; which required the children to express what they had observed. My observation of a supply teachers lesson in maths supports how planning is a really important factor in enhancing childrens understanding. This is because her lesson was not as structured as their lessons usually were and this created a great impact on the childrens learning. I felt that she was not as able to move smoothly from one task to another and she often asked the children questions or got them to do tasks they had already done. This meant that they were not building on the knowledge they already knew. Of course recapping is important, however I feel it should be used as an introduction of the lesson or plenary rather than the main part of the lesson; as I feel children should investigate or observe independently too. Furthermore, the supply teacher was unable to use different resources and spent all of her time either lecturing the children on the topic (rather than the lesson being student-lead) or with her back to them as she was writing on the whiteboard. The teacher also played a really complicated maths game with the children, which did not seem to catch their attention. She spent a lot of time on the game; it was the main part of the lesson, rather than a mental starter which would have been more appropriate. The game also did not really help with what they were learning about, which was co-ordinates. This shows, therefore, how important planning and using appropriate diagrams, tasks and open questions are. Preparing them on resources like interactive whiteboards or worksheets reduces times spent writing/drawing them on the board or trying to explain them, and means the teacher spends less time with her back to children. I feel this really shows how high quality teaching really affects how the children learn. The same children were acting so differently than they were with their usual teacher. When I walked around the classroom offering help, they were less engaged with the lesson and the work they were meant to be doing which meant they got less done. They were much chattier throughout the lesson than normal and the teacher seemed pretty unaware. When the noise rose, she did not quiet them down or settle them, meaning they continued to push her. In the end, the teaching assistant stepped in and started settling some of the children, which Ive never seen her do in lessons with their normal teacher. I feel the negative change in the childrens behaviour was mostly due to the lack of behavioural management, lack of preparation and not knowing the individual children well. Conclusion Bishop et al (1993: 1) propose that there are four groups of influences which appear to be of crucial importance for learners of mathematics. They suggest these four groups are the society in which the mathematics is taking place; out-of-school knowledge; teaching materials and aids; and the teacher themselves. Although childrens understanding in literacy, mathematics and science can be enhanced through high quality teaching and learning, this is not the only factor that can enhance their understanding.

Uses and Effects of Probiotics

Uses and Effects of Probiotics Tabassum Osman Baqtian   Ã‚   Probiotics:    The term probiotics is derived from a Greek word which means for life. (Judith et al., 2008). The WHO definition for probiotics is any live microorganism which wen administered in adequate amounts confers health benefit to the host (Weichselbaum, 2009). The most commonly used microorganisms for probiotics are bacteria (Judith et al., 2008). A number of studies undertaken at various levels showed that bacteria either in their killed state or their products can have anti- inflammatory or anti- infective properties (What is the evidence, 2017). The Lactobacilli are the most extensively studied class of probiotics. The lactic acid bacteria are used as probiotics in many fermentation products. They mainly play a role in enhancing immunity, maintaining the balance of the microbes in the intestine and in preventing the gastrointestinal tract from various infections (Time dependent, 2008). Probiotics can be administered orally as capsules, sachets or as tablets. The orally ingested probiotics survive the acidic conditions of the intestine and reach the human gut where they remain for a short period of time (Probiotics and health; 2009). The mechanism of probiotics is a multifactorial mechanism of action. The conventional method is a simple displacement process. The exogenously administered probiotics increase in number by multiplication. They function by the displacement of the pathogens or unwanted strains of species in the host body ( What is the evidence, 2017). A probiotic must survive the acidic conditions when orally administered to be able to function in the gut environment. Probiotics also need to possess the ability to survive and be viable in the products, during food production and storage. All probiotics which are mostly delivered in a food system, must overcome physical and chemical barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, especially acid and bile stresses, and have antagonistic activity against bacterial pathogens. ( 2014). The effects of probiotics are mostly strain specific and hence the function of probiotics cannot be generalised (Probiotics and health, 2009). A probiotic must fulfil certain safety characteristics to be beneficial to human health. Knowledge on survival of the probiotics within the GI-tract, their translocation and colonization properties, and the fate of probiotic-derived active components is important for the evaluation of possible positive and negative effects of probiotic consumption. The survival of different probiotic strains in different parts of the GI-tract varies: Some strains are rapidly killed in the stomach while others can pass through the whole gut in high numbers (Marteau et al., 1993). The current research in the field of probiotics is in the use of probiotic strains in the treatment of various diseases. The previous research in diseases like diarrhea, constipation, and bloating has shown the efficacy of probiotics in their treatment (What is the evidence, 2017). The major issue in the field of probiotics is quality assurance as the interpretation of data depends mainly on the variability in strain selection, dose, delivery vehicle, and evaluation of viability and efficacy (What is the evidence, 2017). A study showed that direct screening methods with inhibition of acid-sensitive bacteria growth could be an appropriate method for isolation of potential probiotic strains. Various biochemical, physiological, morphological and molecular tests showed that Lactobacillus sp. were dominant in the composition of probiotics as their isolates were resistant to acid and bile salts, they can be used as potentially probiotic bacteria by promoting host-specific health experiments. (2014). References: Judith A Narvhus, Jorgen Lassen, Merete Eggesbo Ragnhild Halvorsen, Siamak P Yazdankhah and Tore Midtvedt; Should long term prophylactic use of probiotics for infants and young children give cause for concern? (2008); Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease; 20: 171-176. Weichselbaum E; Probiotics and health: a review of the evidence (2009); British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin; 34: 340-343. Maria Saarela, Gunnar Mogensen, Rangne Fonden, Jaana Ma ¨tto ¨ and Tiina Mattila-Sandholm; Probiotic bacteria: safety, functional and technological properties (2000); Journal of Biotechnology; 84: 197-215. Hsdgdhdsddssd

Hsun Ching’s Life Changing Journey :: essays research papers

Hsun Ching’s Life Changing Journey The journey Hsun Ching would embark on began as nothing more than weight on his shoulders. Little did he know, it would be an expedition that would change his life forever. Not only changing his perspective on the world, but also life, his personality, and character. All the risks and sacrifices that Hsun Ching has to make during his journey are a very small price to pay for the positive benefits on his life. The journey not only revolutionizes his outlook on the world and life, but also on the Sutra and what it truly means to the world. Before Hsun Ching embarks on his journey he has nothing but negative feelings toward the expedition. He sees it as a complete and total waste of his time and doesn’t see the way the journey will revolutionize his life. The beginning of the novel depicts Hsun Ching as a man who does not go back on his word, and always follows through on what he says he is going to do. I think this is the main reason that Hsun Ching goes on the journey in the first place. He does not want to be looked upon as a coward and feels as if it is his duty to uphold his word. Throughout the beginning of the novel Hsun Ching makes his views on the sutra perfectly clear stating that the sutra is nothing more than a waste of time and is not real what so ever. His outlook on the sutra will rapidly begin to Senkbeil 2 change as his journey progresses and he soon begins to realize that the journey his is embarking on is one that will change his life forever. I believe the true reason why he finally decides to embark on his journey to find the sutra is because the sutra will bring eternal life to whoever finds it. Despite how much Hsun Ching dislikes the idea of the journey he cannot resist everlasting life and therefore agrees to go on the journey. The beginning of the journey for Hsun Ching is quite pain staking and certainly unmemorable. He begins to question why he ever agreed to go on the journey in the first place. The trail is hard and very unforgiving and as a result it gets Hsun Ching’s hopes way down. But despite all the negativity he still presses on in search of the almighty sutra.

My Best Friend Died Essay -- Friendship Essay Personal Narrative

My Best Friend Died Dr. Munter's comments: The purpose of this assignment was to relate an event that changed the direction of your life. Not only does this student successfully accomplish this task, he does it with a certain amount of understatement. The instruction â€Å"to show, not tell† is beautifully and subtly completed. There is also a nice balance of long and short sentences, unusual similes, and the sense that the author allows the reader to view this event through the eyes of an eight-year-old. Overall, the writing is clean, simple in technique, yet powerful in its message. I remember the van. It was the gray of dry clay, and it had maroon stripes on the sides that were the same color as maple leaves during the fall, but it was winter now. It was my mom's van, and I was riding in the back seat. I was eight years old, and she had pulled over on the side of the road because she had â€Å"some sad news† to tell me. My legs didn’t touch the ground. They just dangled with my sorrels about to fall off. I was all bundled up in the puffy winter clothes that mothers dress their chi...

Oppressiveness of Society Exposed in Emily Jane Brontes Wuthering Heights :: Emily Jane Brontes Wuthering Heights

Oppressiveness of Society Exposed in Emily Jane Bronte's Wuthering Heights Wuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm nor the depths of hell. Rather, the novels focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Societal pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. The story commences in the desolate moors of Yorkshire, home of the estate Wuthering Heights. True to its setting, the novel develops Catherine and Heathcliff as mischievous children who wander the isolated bogs, separating themselves from the activities of Wuthering Heights. Catherine^s childhood exile stems from her lack of compliance with the rules concerning the conduct of a Victorian lady. As a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ^who was too mischievous and wayward for a favourite.^(33). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day;...we had not a minute^s security that she wouldn^t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(37). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ^Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick;^(33) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ^in the fields. They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved,^(40-41). During her formative years Catherine^s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ^and one of their chief amusements [was] to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day,^(41). Thus, Catherine^s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created an isolation from the institutionalized world. The two existed on their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton^s bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange, the Linton^s home, after her injury, isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. However, sublimation into Victorian society does not fit her

Merchant of Venice Glossary and Character Sketch

Glossary—The Merchant of Venice Act I, Scene II 1. â€Å"By my troth†Ã¢â‚¬â€a mild oath like â€Å"Upon my word† 2. aught—anything 3. surfeit—overindulge 4. superfluity—excess 5. Hare—to run fast 6. â€Å"overname them†Ã¢â‚¬â€say their names over 7. colt—a young, or inexperienced person 8. Death’s-head—skull 9. a-cap’ring—dancing 10. pennyworth—a small amount 11. doublet—a close-fitting outer garment, with or without sleeves and sometimes having a short skirt, worn by men in the Renaissance; an undergarment, quilted and reinforced with mail, worn beneath arm. 12. ound hose—very full short breeches which varied in length from the upper thigh to just above the knee, giving a rounded look to the hips and showing off the leg. 13. surety—a person who assumes legal responsibility for the fulfillment of another's debt or obligation and himself becomes liable if the other defaults. 14. viley—highly offensive, unpleasant, disgusting 15. Sibylla—the Sybil of Cumae, to whom Apollo granted as many years of life as there are grains in a handful of sand 16. Diana—goddess of chastity Character Report—Nerissa What does your character want in this scene? Nerissa wants to know whether Portia has feelings for any of her suitors and whether she will consider disobeying her father’s will. What is your character’s motivation for doing what he or she does? She is Portia’s waiting-gentlewoman and friend, who is concerned about Portia’s future. Also, she shows some eagerness for Bassanio to arrive with her future husband, Gratiano. What obstacles stand in his or her way? Portia’s independence and defiance of her father’s will that causes Portia to show distaste toward all her suitors. What happens when your character confronts these obstacles? Nerissa finds that the heiress might be interested in Bassanio. Are there any distinctive elements in your character’s way of speaking? (Is his of her language elaborate, plain, musical, or what? ) She is inquisitive and curious. What is your character thinking during the scene? (How does he or she react to the other characters and events? ) She in inquiring about Portia’s suitors. She must be interested in their futures. Character Report—Portia What does your character want in this scene? Portia wishes to choose the fate of her marriage instead of following her father’s will. She also seems to express interest in Bassanio when he is mentioned. What is your character’s motivation for doing what he or she does? She is an orphan that has no say in who she marries so Portia motivation to protest is her want of freedom. Even after her father’s death, she is still under his control. What obstacles stand in his or her way? Her father’s will and the test of the caskets deciding her husband. What happens when your character confronts these obstacles? Nothing really, as she just points out all the flaws of the suitors she meets. Are there any distinctive elements in your character’s way of speaking? (Is his of her language elaborate, plain, musical, or what? ) So far she has only spoken in complaints and a bit condenscendingly. What is your character thinking during the scene? (How does he or she react to the other characters and events? ) She is most likely thinking of loopholes to get out of her father’s demands. She is probably also thinking about Bassanio and when he will come court her. Company Report—Queen Murphy’s Two 1. What happens in your scene? Outline the basic events. . Portia complains about how she cannot choose a husband because of her deceased father’s will. Explains the caskets and the requirements for Portia’s hand in marriage. b. Nerissa names the different suitors of Portia and Portia points out all their flaws. c. Nerissa tells Portia that all the suitors were leaving and Nerissa mentions Bassanio. Portia is interested. d. A serving man appears stating that the Prince of Morocco is arriving soon. Portia doesn’t really care too much. 2. What do you think are the key purposes of your scene? a. To introduce Portia and Nerissa as key characters and explaining their personalities. b. To explain the idea of the caskets (gold, silver, and lead) and the parameters behind Portia’s engagement. c. To foreshadow the relationship that will happen between Bassanio and Portia later on. 3. What are your reactions to this scene? That Portia seems to be stuck in a situation that she’s very stubborn about. To go against her father’s will, she is headstrong and picky in choosing her husband. I feel like supporting Portia to go for her need to be independent.

History of Economics Essay

Economics is the constituent of social sciences which studies the economy and its elements. The main elements of economics are production, distribution, and the consumption of certain goods and services. And its main objective is to allocate the scarce resources effectively and efficiently. Scarcity refers to the economic concept that reflects that the resources are insufficient to full fill the wants and needs of all the people. In this paper the concepts of surplus and its effects on the economy would be discussed. Surplus is the situation in which an excess of something is achieved. For example the value or the amount provided after the requirement for something is satisfied or the remainder of particular thing after the purpose is met (Danielson, 1994). The industrial take off in the 18th century was considered due to the need which was developed to produce in excess. The industrial revolution which was brought forward was the result of an influence made by the capitalists regarding the generation of sufficient surplus as the source. This idea developed the concept of producing more than one requires. Europe is considered as the leader for the revolution as it had the sufficient supply of resources to cope up with the increasing demand for the growing industries. The main purpose of developing industries was to produce and cope of with the demands of product by the people. Previously there was no concept of producing more than one required to satisfy the need for one self only. But as the people started to become more and more liberal the concept of producing more than required was built. Industries with there extensive research and resources started developing goods and services to gain more profits and to satisfy the needs and wants of the prospects. This reflects the role of surplus in the development of industries in the late 18th and the 19th century, which came out to be the main cause for the change in the methodology used previously for production. (Danielson, 1994) Francois Quesnay is another great scholar known to have made contributions in the economic studies in the era before the eighteenth century. He published the Economic Table which aided in explaining the working of the economy, and which is considered as one of the first attempts made to the economic thought. In the table he described three classes, landowners, farmers, and the sterile class which he assumed consumed everything the farmers produced with no left over surplus. Quesnay assumed that it was only the farmers that could produce a surplus, and which could be used in the next year to produce more and aid in growth, and he emphasized more on the agricultural sector than the manufacturing sector which has not yet developed. This point of view of Quesnay differed from that of Smith in regards to a surplus in the economy (Kurz & Salvadori, 1997). Proceeding to the history of economics, the person who is known as the father of modern economics was Adam Smith. The concept of the well being of the society and the economy by the description made upon rational self-interests. Smith addressed upon bringing nation’s prosperity through the means of improvement in the methods of production in his book. He claimed that the surplus in production could be in general and not only in the agricultural sector. And to conceive higher profits it is required by the industries to gain surplus as profit is to be considered as the second component of it. For which achieving surplus would result in recovering cost effectively (Kurz & Salvadori, 1997). Jean-Baptiste Say was a French business man and an economist in the early eighteenth century. He was the originator of the Say’s Law which describes that the supply creates its own demand, and the supply is not influenced by demand and supported the free trade and competition, and the lifting of restraints levied on the businesses. Say emphasized upon the concept that the supply creates its own demand, because he believed that the person’s ability to demand products is dependent on his disposable income which he generates from his own attributes in production. His point of view regarding surplus was similar to of Adam Smith in context that he accepted the concept that the surplus could be achieved in any product. Insufficient demand could be due to a misdirected production and result in an excess of a product in the market known as surplus. This perception of Say made his views different from that of Smith and Quesnay. Wood & Kates, 2000) Proceeding to the conclusion to the different view presented by the three scholars Francois Quesnay, Adam Smith and Jean-Baptiste Say, it can be deduced that all had different perspectives according to their era with reference to surplus. Quesnay had a different set of mind and assumed his theories based upon the industries present at his time. Smith and Say were present in the similar time but had different aspects surrounding them. For which their theories differed from each other, but had similarities, because of being situated in identical time period.

Gender Identity Essay

Gender Identity is something that everyone experiences. Just like any other major contributor to life, there are many factors that help in the determination of gender identity. Some believe that gender identity is determined by either nature, nurture or a little bit of both. A person’s gender can be determined by the hormones produced during gestation. The combination of hormones determines if the sex of a fetus will be a boy or a girl. In some cases, â€Å"Some individuals are born with both ovarian and testicular tissues† (Spencer A. Rathus, 2011) When this occurs, a person is considered to be a hermaphrodite. Although an individual in such situation has parts of bot h sex, they usually consider themselves to be the sex that is assigned at birth. When a child is born a hermaphrodite, the gender at birth is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes. The X,X chromosomes combination produces female organs on the inside and external sexual organs that mimic those of a male. â€Å"The clitoris is enlarged and may resemble a small penis.† (Spencer A. Rathus, 2011) An individual who was born this way may have a hard time identifying with their gender identity. A hermaphrodite can be classified as a female based on the chromosome combination, but have a hard time identifying with the female gender because of the external sexual organs. According to the masculinity and femininity continuum, some individuals are considered to be more masculine and feminine than others. For example, a female who goes against a male for his position in the workplace would be considered more masculine. According to the text â€Å"A person who is highly masculine, whether male or female, may also possess feminine traits- and vice versa.† (Spencer A. Rathus. 2011) In my life, the number one factor that contributed to my gender identity is the way my family has treated me. As a child my mother dressed me in girly clothes and didn’t allow me to do the things my brother could do growing up because I was a girl, and he was a boy. Another thing that contributed to my gender identity is when I went through puberty and started to develop my feminine body parts. The changes in my body contributed to my feeling like a woman and more feminine. Although I am feminine, I do possess attributes that can be considered to be masculine. I go for what I want and don’t allow boundaries based on gender to determine my choices in life. I am a woman that does handy work around the house, so for that I would be considered masculine based on the continuum of masculinity-femininity. Although I have several masculine traits based on the continuum of masculinity-femininity, I also possess feminine traits. I am a nurturing woman who expresses herself with emotion. When a person is considered to be masculine, they are considered to me more instrumental; when a person is considered to be feminine they are considered to be more expressive and sensitive. I think it is very possible for someone to be both masculine and feminine, I think most people have both masculine and feminine traits. There are many of stereotypes that fall under the titles of masculine and feminine. Not all men have to be construction workers and not all women have to be stay-at-home moms. I don’t fully believe in gender roles. I believe a man can play a women’s role and vice versa, and for doing so an individual shouldn’t be stereotyped. I don’t think if a man cooks and cleans and stays home with the children that it makes him less of a man. According to the continuum of masculinity and femininity, he would be considered to be more feminine. To be androgynous is to be both masculine and feminine. Some suggest to be androgynous is to be in better shape psychologically then those strictly feminine or undifferentiated. I believe that a person who is androgynous is well rounded and may be in a better position psychologically than those who are undifferentiated. Gender identity is something that starts in gestation, it is determined once a child is born and develops even more as the individual gets older. References Rathus, S. A., Nevid, J.S., and Fichner-Rathus, L. (2005). Human sexuality in a world of diversity. (6th ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Social obligation of business

There were arguments that obligation of business is to maximize long term profit for shareholders In a sustainable way, while others call them to Involve more to social responses. Each judgment has its own reasons which this research sought to analyze. Based on that, certain social obligations of business will be addressed with evidences, showing their necessary of being more responsible to social outcomes. Key words: corporate social obligation, shareholders, corporate profit, social responslblllty Introduction There has been a long debate on the role of business in society.Some people agreed with argument of: â€Å"The social obligation of business is to sustainably maximize long-term profits for shareholders. Nothing more. Nothing less† . However, others judge: â€Å"Business has a key role to play in combating issue like climate change, since the traditional response of many environmentalists and governments (namely, to encourage behavioral and attitudinal change amongst the general population) Is not enough in itself to ultimately produce desired environmental outcomes† .Different Judgments have their own reasons based on appropriate grounds. My view Is that business should ensure long term profit and stable operation while promote applying CSR practices into their daily operation for better performance. Companies today are confronting intense pressures to address social concerns and it is undeniable that socially Irresponsible businesses may lose their competitive advantage . Corporate Social Responslblllty (CSR) Definition Since 1920s, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) started to be discussed.However, due to the Great Depression economics and World War II, business leaders did not discuss about it seriously until the 1950s. The definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) varies between businesses and possibly changes at certain time points, depending on their visions and goals. There are so many definition for CSR . However, the most general definition for it is that â€Å"CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society† . Appllcatlon CSR now a day has been a popular term in different businesses.However, it seems corporations pay more attentions to these activities than those of small and medium size, who usually blame that they do not have time and money to follow these luxury' practices. In all effort, the UN Global Compact guideline on ISO 260000 had been developed to help enterprises of all sizes to globally approach and practice CSR strategies. CSR application is not required by law, while business profits and social obligations are always difficult choices for management, CSR strategies are most of time considered for implementation, as the business trend is to contribute good thing and more responsible to society.We will analyze each situation in the next paragraphs, to understand better on why sometimes it is hard making decision. Corporate Social Responsible OR corporate profit? It is argued that social obligation or social responsibility was defined as the obligation of business to meet its economic and legal responsibilities and no more . This viewpoint is based on the notion that business organizations were set up with aims to provide goods and services to society, and enterprise were operated primary on profit motive.Many scholars agreed upon this point of view, including Milton Friedman (1970), as mentioned in his article in the New York Times Magazine . This belief has been maintained for many years not only by Friedman but also other usiness executives and scholars. It is true that the primary social obligation/social responsibility of a business is to bring benefits to its owners and shareholders who invest a significant amount of money there. Consequently, fulfilling the economic responsibility is the initial obligation of a business, it should also obey the laws and regulations of the so ciety while running its operations.Social matters are not the concern of business people, these problems should be resolved by the unfettered workings of the free market system (Friedman, 1970). In cases where corporate profit nd social benefit aligned, CSR might not be considered and therefore irrelevant. Or in other cases where corporate profits and social welfares are opposite, then the profit will be taken into consideration, as business management will always want to prioritize shareholder's interest.

The Rising Economy of China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Rising Economy of China - Research Paper Example However, from 2007 – 2009 china like the other developed nation saw a downfall in its growth but the recovery system was very good. Unlike the other western nations and US, China did not suffer from huge recession. Going through few measurements, China’s economy is the second largest and is moving towards becoming the largest. (Grumbine, 2007) This research paper on China has examined all the implications including both the opportunities and challenges, considering the U.S. economy form the huge growth of China and her emergence as one of the most powerful economy in the world. Will China Overtake the U.S. Economy? The real GDP of China has grown twice as fast before the reformation period. Let us go through the factors, which have led this success story of China. Looking at China’s rapid growth, many economists and analysts have given their view studying it since 1979. If we look through China since the period of economic reformation, we see that China has been able to accumulate huge wealth and has gone through many developments. Both of these factors went equally hand in hand. Improvement in productivity led to the improvement of the growth and this hereby-generated huge fund, which ultimately led the road for new investment. Another advantageous situation for China was that it could draw huge amount form the domestic savings from that of finance investment during the time of economic reforms. (Wu, 2011) What led to China’s foreign direct investment (FDI) were incentives and trade reforms. This became the major source for China. The increase in annual FDI was the fastest in China in 1990s. During this period, the growth was $37.5 billion in 1995 to $3.5 billion in the early 1990s. This makes a ten-fol increase. In between 1995 -2009, annual FDI level was doubled. This capital is used efficiently by China and hence has been able to contribute to the economic growth. (Wu, 2011; Roett and Paz, 2008) It has been seen that much of fore ign domestic investment in China goes into export and manufactures which includes export like consumer electronics. Several case studies reveal that the gain in productivity has been one of the major cause in this huge rapid growth, economically since the implementation of the reforms. Taking an example of an International Monetary Fund (IMF), which concluded that the growth in productivity was the most significant reason for china’s economic growth? This study shows us that during 1952 – 1978, the accumulation of capital accounted for 65% of output growth in China, whereas the input growth for labor and productivity was 17% and 18%. Just the opposite happened during 1979 – 1994 (this was the period when economic reform in China took place), growth of productivity was nearly 42% of the economic growth output whereas the labor and capital inputs was 58%. (Roett and Paz, 2008; Blankert, 2009) Resources were reallocated due to which productivity had increased in ec onomic reform of China. This took place in areas where the control was under the governance of the central government like trade, agriculture, and services. Reforms in agricultural sector boosted production. This also realized the workers for pursuing employment in actions where the marginal production is high. (Wu, 2011; Roett and Paz, 2008) The rise in economy in China happened to have strengthened the relation of U.S. – China. Total amount of trade went up from $4.9 billion in the year

B2C Campaigns Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

B2C Campaigns - Assignment Example The target market comprised everyone on earth. However, the person had to be aware of the campaign, have access to internet, and posses a high definition camera. The subject would then take a photo of self and post it to the recommended social media sites on or around the April 22, 2014 under the hashtag #GlobalSelfie. In addition, there was no limitation on a person’s geographical location and any part of the globe was welcome. To participate in the event, one had to say where they were on Earth on the Earth Day using a selfie and the response was overwhelming (Funk, 2013). The message delivery synchronized with the will of people to participate in environmental preservation worldwide. Each picture in the mosaic image represented a pixel and the final image in May 22 represented a new earth. For NASA, the Global Selfie was a remarkable way of celebrating five missions intended around the earth in 2014 particularly bolstering NASA’s Earth Right Now campaign (Garner, 2014). Releasing a global selfie on May 22, 2014 was a way of reinforcing the role of each one in monitoring the earth around them despite constant NASA satellites monitoring. Cole, S. (2014). NASA Releases Earth Day "Global Selfie" Mosaic of Our Home Planet. Retrieved August 20, 2014, from

How did Slavery become a powerful Institution in America Essay - 1

How did Slavery become a powerful Institution in America - Essay Example Lastly, all nations desired conquest for exploring new opportunities. The European rivalries that existed in the New World were an accumulation of conquests that were desired by the imperialistic nations in Europe. From the dawn of the 15th century, European nations such as Portugal, Spain, Netherlands and France begin to establish their dominance. In the 18th century, the British and French fought for dominance over the "New World". These nations desired conquest because of power, wealth, and opportunities. The civil war was one of the bloodiest war fought that continues to leave a dark impression throughout the course of the US History. It is impossible to point just one factor that justified the actions of the Civil War Soldiers. However, it was evident that the growing demand led many plantation owners for suitable land. Additionally, the growing demand for cotton was overwhelming. Moreover, this huge boom in agricultural economies in the Deep South was detrimental as it caused huge divisions and expansions which created a huge movement of slaves. Conducive research indicates that the growing demand for cotton led many plantation owners further west in search of suitable land. Moreover, the invention of the  cotton gin  by Eli Whitney enabled south to be more prosperous via cotton. As a matter of fact, this invention was crucial as it revolutionized the cotton industry by increasing fifty-fold the quantity of cotton that could be processed in a day. It was clear that this mechanization changed the efficiency of how cotton was produced, which meant that the American labor force needed expansion. This caused a greater influx of slave labor. First and foremost was the fact that the Soldiers in North wanted to keep the nation united. The notion of South’s separation from the Union was an idea that the North clearly could not digest. In addition, Lincoln’s

Determining HRIS Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Determining HRIS Needs - Essay Example Human resource information systems are aimed at enhancing efficient use of information to ensure informed decision-making process. When plans for updating the human resource information are being made, it is prudent to assess a number of parameters that influences the system and its operations in an organization (Torres-Coronas and Arias-Oliva, 2009). Thus, to begin with organizations should the management practices in the organization and the current technology that is implemented in relation to the changes in the business environment. In this regard, the organization should acquire knowledge of new technology that they seek to replace the current one and analyse both its advantages and drawbacks, and them assess its suitability in the organization. The government regulation concerning deployment of new technology as far as human resource information system is concerned should be analysed so as to ensure the new technology or improvements, that are to be rolled out, are in accordance with the law and they meet the minimum requirements as stipulated. The needs of the organization should also be taken into consideration since the new technology or improvements that are to be done are for the sole purpose of ensuring the objectives of the organization are achieved with ease (Torres-Coronas and Arias-Oliva, 2009). That notwithstanding, before rolling out the changes the human resource department should assess their long-term plans incline them with market dynamism and thus ensure viable long term strategy. Also information from market leaders that have successfully implemented the changes or new technology concerning the human resource information system together with records from government agencies should be analysed and aid in making informed decisions as far as the upgrade is concerned. Focus groups are prone to bias since the groups tend to be dominated by few individuals whose ideas will override the general opinion of others thus make the

Science and Scientific Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Science and Scientific Change - Essay Example I regard Kuhn’s contribution to the field as one of the most important, not because I think he’s correct, but because it radically changed the way people think about the nature and purpose of science. Before Kuhn, philosophers generally regarded science as a rational and logical enterprise, with strict standards that guaranteed objectivity. What Kuhn shows, in his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970), is that science, as well as scientific change, is not as rational as we think. Scientists themselves are guided not by a set of objective principles, but by their personal interests and values as much as anything else. Many philosophers and scientists have criticized Kuhn for portraying scientific change as an irrational process, one of them being Imre Lakatos. In this paper, I shall focus on the debate between Kuhn and Popper, as emphasized by Lakatos in his Falsification and The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. I shall divide this paper into four main parts: the first part will discuss Popper’s views on science and scientific change. Part two will be devoted to Thomas Kuhn’s analysis of the irrationality of science and paradigm shifts. The third part will synthesize the Popperian and Kuhnian debate. Here I will introduce Lakatos’ critique against Kuhn. Finally, I shall end my paper with my conclusion regarding the said issue at hand. Karl Popper What is the main difference between scientific theories and non-scientific theories? This is often referred to as the demarcation problem, which asks, what criterion can we use to distinguish scientific claims from non-scientific claims? What demarcates science from non-science? This is Karl Popper’s most renowned contribution. Yet what solution did Popper offer to his said problem? Popper’s solution to the demarcation problem is really quite simple. He says that what distinguishes scientific claims from non-scientific ones is its falsifiability. Thus, a hypothesis is scientific if and only if there is some way in which it can be falsified by means of some experiment. If we cannot construct an experiment, which can potentially falsify a hypothesis, then the hypothesis, even if meaningful, is really not scientific. In line with these two theories that are foundational to Popper’s philosophy, it is clear that Popper views science as a rational enterpri se, where theory-change is characterized by scientific progress. According to Popper, science changes through a two-step cycle. Stage one is conjecture, and the second stage is attempted refutation. Under the stage of conjecture, a theory is proposed as an attempt to solve the problem at hand. The theory is then put to test by attempted refutations. Attempted refutation occurs when â€Å"the hypothesis is subjected to critical testing, in an attempts to show that it is false† (Godfrey-Smith 61). Moreover, Popper notes that after the hypothesis is refuted, the process repeats again starting from a new conjecture, and so on and so forth. If the theory is corroborated, then it is temporarily accepted as un-refuted, but not justified. What is important to take note of here is that as the process

Global Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Entrepreneurship - Essay Example   The scientific management resulted in great evolution of US business and the innovation management and sub division of labor helped the US business to grow at faster pace than the rest of the world. Research and development, mass production, efficiency and increased wages for the labors also provided adequate boost to the American business and the vast growing firms geographically expanded and took over the European markets through their corporate Americanization. At the same time, problems emerge in the system like agency problems, separation of control from the ownership, unrelated diversification, etc. US businesses stay sustainable through innovation and change management however economic meltdown obliges them to downsize. German business system has been able to sustain the non-price sensitive markets through collective bargains and consensus management and their primary focus is on long term strategy of production and export.UK business system is also quite similar to that a nd follows long term strategic planning. In the UK, businesses tend to expand geographically like that of US corporations e.g. Tesco, BT, etc. French business system is driven by functionality and rigid hierarchy and is found more directive than collaborative. The focus is to produce and supply hi tech products to the international markets.    European business systems endeavor to stay sustainable in the economic crisis through strategic management that helps them to cope up the crisis like merging, joint venturing, co-branding, etc.

Criminal Justice Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Justice Trends - Essay Example In the case of Arab-American communities right after the September 11 terrorist attack, one substantial implications of such incident led to understanding how the US law would treat the Arab-American communities especially within the context of US legal system. There were four important barriers to effective law enforcement, which were found to obstruct good relationship between US law enforcement and Arab-American community: distrust between Arab-American community and law enforcement, deficient cultural awareness, difficulty in language, and prevailing concerns regarding immigration status and deportation (Victor & Naughton, 2010). Robinson (2009) argues that there is no such thing as existence of criminal justice in the US due to inefficient, uncoordinated and lack of harmonious consensus effort among criminal justice agencies. Nonetheless, Robinson points out that there are prevailing efforts in the justice system to emancipate justice and ensure reduction of crime. However, base d on his arguments on this issue, it seems the US criminal justice system lacks grandeur especially in the achievement of its goals. The proof of this is tantamount to Robinson’s suggestion for alternative goals for the criminal justice system and one of them would be meeting limited interests through placing certain population segments under control. Furthermore, Robinson adds to his argument that the law in the US does not actually represent all Americans. One of his major point is this, legislators at the federal and state level could not actually stand as representative of Americans from the point of view of demographic terms. Second, at some point one could not consider voters to be representative of Americans by looking at it from demographic terms. Finally, he shows evidence that most people do not actually vote. Another argument he specifically points out just to argue that no such thing as criminal justice exists in the US is relevant to the invention of law itself. He argues that crimes do not exist not until they are invented by law makers. This means that there are still certain crimes that could exist without corresponding action from the criminal judicial system due lack of detailed law regarding them. One specific example of this is the continuing subjective concerns underlying organized crimes. Another point is the varying legal policies for certain crimes from state to state or based on demographic terms. Robinson also adds in his argument that there exists an undermining of due process values due to excessive support for crime control values. He cites the very case how the media stereotype crimes and criminal justice. His proof is the focus media have on most violent and random types of crimes in the US. Robinson also points out that police tend to be more biased against poor people and people of color. Robinson calls this as innocent bias. Robinson also presents statistical evidence showing that the plea dispersal could reach more tha n 90 percent of felony crimes, implying further that one could less likely expect a reasonable criminal trial in the US. Furthermore, Robinson includes the idea that one could actually associate

The leadership experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The leadership experience - Essay Example When you wield your power over people without establishing the necessary relations then you cannot assert influence necessary to propel one to a higher office. Many leaders, for instance, Paul Wolfowitz of the World Bank fail because of their ambitions and how they wield their power. Women with their relationship oriented approach to leadership put them in a position where they can cultivate the necessary relationships. The relationships allow them to listen and appeal to their emotions and eventually get what they want even a top job. Furthermore, since women are more likely to achieve their goals as well as organizational goals they are hence trusted with influential positions. If a male leader changes his behavior to incorporate elements of relationship-oriented leadership techniques more common to the female leader, he will still be an authentic leader. The elements of relationship-oriented leadership will only strengthen an authentic leader and not water it down. Through the approach, they will be able to understand the needs of the workforce and appeal to them and hence ensure that the company achieves its goal. The leader would also still be authentic since although he would want to involve everyone the final decision will still be with him and can still leave a legacy. Furthermore, through the approach, the leader can easily assert his power since he knows his workforce quite well. It is the manager's responsibility to help their employees find pleasure, engagement, and meaning in their work to make them happy.

The Physics of a Guitar Essay Example for Free

The Physics of a Guitar Essay The guitar is the most played instrument in the music world. The oldest surviving guitar is thought to be made around 1776 in Italy by Gaetano Vinaccia. Though, the guitar looks like a simple instrument to construct or play there is a lot of physics behind the creation of it, from the strings to the air inside, the anatomy, and the sound spectrum. There are three types of guitars that are made: nylon acoustic, steel-string, and electric. Acoustic guitars produce sound due to a complicated interaction called coupling. Coupling refers to the interaction between two or more vibrating elements. It depends on geometry, sound frequency, and the materials that are used to make it. There are 3 parts to how a guitar works: the strings, body, and the air inside. The pitch of the string vibrating depends in four things. If the strings are the vibration will be slower. The frequency can be changes by string tension by turning the pegs on the guitar. Also, the frequency depends on how long the string that is free to vibrate and finally the mode of vibration. The body of the guitar is to transmit the vibration of the bridge into the vibration of the air. It needs a relatively large surface area for the vibration of both the bridge and air. The body of the guitar is usually made of spruce wood or a light springy wood and it’s about 2. 5 mm thickness. The top plate is made so that it can vibrate up and down easily enough. Now, the inside of the plate has a series of bridges that strengthen the plate. Those braces will also affect the way in which the top plate vibrates. The air inside of the body of the guitar is important, especially for the lower rang on the instrument. That air is also coupled effectively to the lowest resonance of the top plate. There is something called the Helmholtz resonance, which is due to the air at the sound hole oscillating. That is driven by the springiness of the air inside of the body. Air is springy, if it’s compressed the pressure increases which can vibrate like a mass on a spring. A guitar’s sound board is the most important element in sound production and displays resonant modes, similar to strings/pipes. Though there are two differences between a guitar strings/pipes. First, the sound board can be considered 2 dimensional in a guitar, while the other would be 1 dimensional. Second, the frequency of the resonant modes generally does not follow a simple harmonic progression. To observe the resonance modes of the soundboard there are various ways. Optically: holographic, interferometry, and laser velocimetry which has a laser beam that is reflected off various points on the soundboard. Acoustically, that had an array of microphone or a single microphone while scanning the area that detects various peaks in sound intensity while the guitar is excited. Electronically, it examines the capacitance between a charged plate on the vibrating soundboard and another charged plate held steady. Lastly mechanically, an accelerometer/ velocity transducer with which the mechanically vibrations are measured directly. Most of the sounds are made of a complicated mixture of vibrations. The sound spectrum is a representation of a sound in the terms of an amount of vibration at each of the individual frequency. It’s presented as a graph of either power or pressure that is a function of frequency. The sound spectra are usually measured using a couple different things. They use a microphone that measures the sound pressure over a certain interval, analogue that is a digital converter which converts this to a series of numbers as a function of time, and a computer which performs a calculation upon those numbers.

Predatory pricing of petrol Essay Example for Free

Predatory pricing of petrol Essay Supermarket price wars are putting Britain’s small petrol stations out of business at the rate of one a day. Sainsbury’s, Tesco, Asda and Morrisons have this year embarked on a war to attract hard-hit consumers and the price of fuel has been central to their campaign. Morrisons is offering loyalty points on its new fuel card while Asda has launched a price comparison app for mobile phones to convince shoppers it has the cheapest fuel. Both Sainsbury’s and Tesco have offered money-off vouchers for petrol customers. The Retail Motor Industry Federation (RMI), a trade association representing the interests of 6 000 small petrol stations, is hoping the OFT inquiry will support its members, who believe that unfair and predatory pricing by the supermarkets and some major oil companies is making it impossible for them to compete. There are now about 8 000 small petrol retailers compared with 21 000 two decades ago and 40 000 in 1966. It predicts that in five years there will be very few independent petrol retailers left. The OFT inquiry comes at a time when the supermarkets have proved particularly effective at building up a huge stake in the petrol market. With the recession dragging on, households are keen to save even one or two pence a litre, particularly those families whose livelihoods depend on the use of a car. Between June 2007 and June 2012 – a period that saw  considerable crude oil price volatility – the price of petrol rose by 38% while diesel rose by 45%. In 2011, supermarkets accounted for 45% of total fuel sales from just 1 316 sites compared with 37.4 % in 2010. The OFT said the fuel market for Britain’s 33 million motorists is worth around  £32 billion a year, and accounts for 5p in every  £1 of household expenditure. But many have also blamed the Government and increases in fuel tax for soaring petrol prices. It takes 60% of the price of every litre of petrol in tax – the highest rate in Europe.

Review of the Market Entry Modes

Review of the Market Entry Modes INTRODUCTION When we look at the development of world business, it can be easily noticed that recent years have witnessed a growing intensity of competition in virtually all areas of business, whether in domestic or international areas. In today`s changing and developing world, it has been getting more and more important and at the same time becoming difficult day by day to expand your business` borders. For this reason, it has also been getting more and more important to make the decision of going internationally and choosing an appropriate entry mode. The perception of this importance can be related to the answer of this question; â€Å"how come international business is important especially for domestic companies?† International business is that kind of trade that gives increase to the economy of the world. In this the demand and supply and the prices are influenced by the global issues. For instance, the change in political conditions in Asia can raise manufacturing cost and cost of labour of an American company which is in a country in Asia. This would then result in rise in the price of the product that you need to purchase from a local mall. If there is a decrease in cost of labour, on the other hand then you can have to pay relatively less price on the product. (Hussey, 2008) It is also another advantage of going internationally that it gives an opportunity to developed countries to use their resources effectively like technology, capital and labour. Since a large number of the countries already have natural resources and different inputs such as labor, technology, land and capital, they are likely to produce many products more efficiently and sell them for cheaper prices than other countries. A country can obtain an item from another country if it cannot effectively produce it within the national boundaries. This is the specialty of international trade. In same way a country can obtain an item from another country, for the reason of that product can be produced in its own country but with worse conditions such as lower quality or higher cost. Global trading also allows the different countries to participate in global economy encouraging the foreign direct investors. These individuals invest their money in the foreign companies and other assets. Hence the countries can become competitive global participants. Entering a Foreign Market Before entering international marketing, if we reflect on our perception what marketing means itself, we will face a few important definitions. According to Chartered Institute of Marketing, marketing is a â€Å"Management process which is responsible for identifying, predicting and providing customer requirements profitably†. (Lowe and Doole, 2001) Marketing involves; providing customer needs and wants, finding out best ways and methods to provide these needs and wants, orienting the firm towards the process of focusing on that satisfaction, meeting organizational objectives. In this way, it becomes important for the company or organization to prepare itself to achieve competitive advantage in the market. The company then needs to work on taking this advantage in the market. The company then needs to work on taking advantage by manipulating controllable functions of marketing, within the uncontrollable marketing environment which is directly affected by SLEPT factors, i.e. Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, Technological and Legal. (Lowe and Doole, 2001) When domestic and international marketing are compared, it is argued that†what differences there are between these two markets â€Å". Actually, the key elements are still same. The concept is not likely to change to any market degree when a company moves from a domestic market to an international market. However, two main differences can be defined. First, of them, there are different approaching levels depending on international scope, and second, the company will be likely to face complexities and difficulties as the result of international marketing environment factors as it mentioned above. (Lowe and Doole, 2001) General Review of the Market Entry Modes For the majority of companies, the most important international marketing decision that they are most likely to take is how they should enter new markets, as these decisions which they make will directly affect every part of their business for many years in the future. There are advantages and disadvantages with each market entry method and critical in the decision-making process are the firms assessment of the cost and risk associated with each method and the level of involvement the company is allowed by the government, or want to have in the market. These factors determine the degree of control it can exert over the total product and service offer and method of distribution. (Chee and Harris, 1993) There is, however, no ideal market entry strategy and different market entry methods might be adopted by different companies entering the same market and/or by the same company in different markets. The Alternative Market Entry Modes The variety of alternative market entry methods are shown in figure below, depending on international involvement from virtually zero, when the company only makes its products for others to export but effectively does nothing itself to market its products internationally, to total involvement, where the firm might operate wholly-owned subsidiaries in all its key markets. (Chee and Harris, 1993) The market entry decision is taken within the company and it is determined related to the companys objectives and attitudes to international marketing and the confidence of its management teams to operate in foreign markets. In order to select most appropriate and effective market entry strategy, it is essential to take into account some point including; the company objectives and expectations relating to the size and value of predicted business, the size and financial resources of the company its existing foreign market involvement the skill, abilities and attitudes of the firms management for international business the intensity of the competition in target market, the affect of existing and expecting tariff and non-tariff barriers the nature of product considered for international entering the areas of competitive advantage, such as trademark or patent protection the timing of entry in relation to the market and intensity of competitive situation However, this list of entry modes is likely to be meaningful when the other factors which affect the entry mode and are very specific to the companys particular situation. For instance, the regulations of laws of the host country might be a barrier for a company to own 100 percent of an operation in that country. All companies should identify, analyse and monitor these external factors and consider their potential affect on their products/services. Although these external factors take place outside of the firms management teams control, they all must be taken into account as much as internal factors. (Chee and Harris, 1993) According to Terpstra and Sarathy (1994), alternative methods of foreign market entry can be summarized basically as shown below; Production in HomeMarket Foreign Production Sources -Contract Manifacture -Licencing -Assembly -Joint Venture -100 Percent Ownership and / or Indirect Exporting -Trading Company -Export Management Company -Piggyback, etc. Direct Exporting -Foreign Distributor -Agent -Overseas Marketing Subsidiary STARBUCKS IN CHINA In 1999, when Starbucks invested into China, the company entered the joint-venture agreement with three big local partners: Beijing Meida Coffee, Shanghai Uni-President Starbucks Coffee Ltd and Maxims Caterer (Asia Pulse, 2006). On the one hand, the company was able to meet requirements from the Chinese governments regulations and lower the risk and level of investment when entering a new market. In return, Starbucks sacrificed its control over development of those individual companies while only earning loyalty fees (ibid). As a result of joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, Chinese government has loosened regulations on foreign investment, especially the removal of restrictions on foreign investment. Since then, share of local partners is no longer required for foreign companies (ibid). Consequently, Starbucks has paid out more than USD 21, 3 million to gain its share to 50 percent in Shanghai Uni-President Starbucks Coffee. Similarly, the company increased its stake s in Maxims Caterer to 51 percent and control over 50 percent of stock in Beijing Meida Coffee (Harris, 2007). Such forward integration gives Starbucks more control over its expansion which will be more aggressive in the near future (ibid). Besides, Starbucks is also concerned with coffee sources and prices. Currently, for the Chinese market, Starbucks imports coffee beans from its suppliers all around the world (Reuters, 2007a). Since these suppliers have been controlled tightly by the companys specialists, Starbucks can assure the quality of its products in China. However, Starbucks needs to pay import duty. Depending on the type of coffee, this duty may vary from 10 to 30 percent (Friedlnet, 2003). To make the problem worse, coffee prices have jumped from 89.36 US cents per pound in 2005 to 113.20 US cents per pound in 2007 and is expected to grow higher in 2008 (Reuters, 2007a). This may consequently influence the price of Starbucks product and influence Starbucks performance. I n America, as a result of the increase in price of dairy product, Starbucks raised the price of its coffee drinks by 9 cents and 50 cents for its whole bean coffee in 2007 (Reuters, 2007b). This is the second time Starbucks raises its prices. The first time this happened was in 2006 when Starbucks raised 5 cents for all of its drinks (USA Today, 2006). To prevent such potential price change in the future, Starbucks has been working with coffee farmers in many parts of China and trying to help them meet the company standards. Jinlong Wang, president of Starbucks greater China, expressed that â€Å"China does produce some quality coffee and sourcing from China would start very soon, maybe in a couple of year† (Reuters, 2007a). Starbucks also plan to build a roasting plant in China. This backward integration when applied successfully in the future, will give Starbucks a huge competitive advantage. After initial success with more than 540 stores across China, Starbucks is striving hard to expand its operation and turn China into the biggest overseas market in near future. However, the Chinese market has many differences to other market that Starbucks has entered. Average coffee consumption in China is projected to increase by 20 to 25 percent each year. Therefore, much more opportunity is waiting for Starbucks in the near future. Despite its success, Starbucks should continuously monitor changes from the external environment and prevent unfortunate incidents such as in 2000 when Starbucks was kicked out of the Forbidden City, a symbol of Chinese Culture (CNN, 2000). Failing to monitor and respond properly, China can be a graveyard for Starbucks ambitions. IMPORTANCE OF CHOOSING AN EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL MARKETING STRATEGY In today`s competitive international world, one of the most significant tasks for many companies which are preparing itself to enter a foreign market is to make the right decision about how the company should enter a foreign market. One reason for this is that this decision is likely to influence every part of its business for a long perid of time in the future. However, there are advantages and disadvantages of every single foreign market entry modes. For the aim of selecting the most appropriate and effective foreign market entry strategy, it is essential to take into account some point including; (Chee and Harris, 1993); the company objectives and expectations relating to the size and value of predicted business, the size and financial resources of the company its existing foreign market involvement the skill, abilities and attitudes of the firms management for international business the intensity of the competition in target market, the affect of existing and expecting tariff and non-tariff barriers the nature of product considered for international entering the areas of competitive advantage, such as trademark or patent protection the timing of entry in relation to t he market and intensity of competitive situation Recommended Strategies In fast-changing Chinese cities, finding locations that will embody the right lifestyle is more like gambling than science. Real-estate know-how is a hallmark of Starbucks worldwide, but the computerized mapping databases that are used to test a potential street corner in the United States would be little help in Chinese cities. Starbucks must continue to use joint ventures or license other companies to own and operate Starbucks stores as this philosophy differs from its domestic approach, where the stores are largely company-owned. The idea is that an experienced local partner can help identify locations, sift through tax issues and give Starbucks stores a more local community appeal. Once the market is established Starbucks will be given an opportunity to purchase a controlling interest in the partnership, which will then allow them more control and management of the overall operation and direction of the business. As Starbucks adds a whopping six stores a day on average, the company must continue to carefully consider everything from the direction of commuter traffic zipping by a potential drive-thru site to how many people are pounding the pavement on a busy urban block. As of Oct. 3, Starbucks had 12,440 stores worldwide, including 7,102 company-operated stores and 5,338 licensed locations. Starbucks must continue to open new locations as their market continues to grow. At some stage there are limits to their expansion, but to date the company has not seen any signs that they are near that optimal point or number. A major concern would include anything from a drop in quality to the brand losing its luster. Despite potential saturation and plans to add many more stores in China. Starbucks insists that it sees very little cannibalization of its existing business when a new store opens. In fact, the company says, one reason would-be customers dont end up buying a Starbucks drink is because the line or wait is too long. One solution is to open up another store nearby. Besides adding stores, drive-thru and kiosks throughout the world, Starbucks also has plans to make itself ubiquitous even in places where it cant squeeze in a store. It is getting ready to launch Starbucks-branded vending machines, which will let people buy warm lattes and other drinks in a nine-ounce can for $2.50. And thats in addition to the business it already does selling bottled cold Starbucks drinks and coffee beans in more traditional food stores. In closing if you see a mall in the United States today itll probably be there two years form now but, a year passes by in a Chinese location, and you almost wont know your way around there any more. Ive witnessed this first hand when I travel to China on business. This is just how fast the Chinese economy and market is growing and Starbucks is looking to convert 1.3 billion tea drinkers to coffee lovers. The key attribute to attain this surmountable goal is to continue the expansion plan in China and other countries in Asia. 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